The Most Frequently Asked JavaScript Interview Questions (Beginner to Advanced Guide) .
JavaScript interviews can feel overwhelming—but they don’t have to be. This guide covers the most frequently asked JavaScript interview questions, clearly divided into Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced levels. Along with answers, you’ll get real-world insights, practical advice, and a future-ready perspective to help you stand out in modern frontend and full-stack interviews.
1. What is JavaScript and where is it used?
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language primarily used to create interactive web applications.
It is used in:
- Web browsers (frontend interactivity)
- Servers (Node.js)
- Mobile apps, desktop apps, and even IoT devices
Real-world insight:
Every button click, form validation, or live notification on a website is typically powered by JavaScript.
2. What are variables in JavaScript?
Variables store data values. JavaScript provides:
var(function-scoped, legacy)let(block-scoped, preferred)const(block-scoped, immutable reference)
Practical advice:
Use let and const instead of var to avoid unexpected bugs.
3. What are data types in JavaScript?
JavaScript has:
- Primitive types:
string,number,boolean,null,undefined,symbol,bigint - Non-primitive:
object
4. Difference between == and ===
==compares values (type coercion allowed)===compares value and type
Best practice:
Always use === to write predictable, bug-free code.
Intermediate-Level JavaScript Interview Questions
5. What is hoisting in JavaScript?
Hoisting is JavaScript’s behavior of moving variable and function declarations to the top of their scope during compilation.
varvariables are hoisted and initialized asundefinedletandconstare hoisted but not initialized (Temporal Dead Zone)
6. What is a closure?
A closure is created when a function remembers variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has executed.
Real-world use cases:
- Data privacy
- Callback functions
- Event handlers
7. Explain this keyword
The value of this depends on how a function is called:
- Global context
- Object method
- Constructor
- Arrow functions (inherit
thisfrom parent scope)
8. What is the difference between null and undefined?
undefined: variable declared but not assignednull: intentional absence of value
9. What are promises?
Promises handle asynchronous operations and have three states:
- Pending
- Fulfilled
- Rejected
Why it matters:
Promises improve readability and error handling in async code.
Advanced-Level JavaScript Interview Questions
10. What is the event loop?
The event loop enables non-blocking asynchronous behavior by managing:
- Call stack
- Web APIs
- Callback queue
- Microtask queue
Future-ready insight:
Understanding the event loop is critical for performance optimization.
11. Explain async/await
async/await is syntactic sugar over promises that makes asynchronous code look synchronous and easier to debug.
12. What is prototypal inheritance?
JavaScript objects inherit properties and methods from other objects via prototypes instead of classical inheritance.
13. What is debouncing and throttling?
- Debouncing: Limits function execution after a delay
- Throttling: Executes function at fixed intervals
Real-world use:
Optimizing scroll, resize, and search input events.
14. What are JavaScript modules?
Modules allow you to split code into reusable files using:
exportimport
They improve maintainability and scalability in large applications.